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Journal of Electron Microscopy 48(3): 289-296 (1999)
© 1999 Oxford University Press

Cytochemical energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy of mitochondrial free radical formation in paraquat cytotoxicity

Kei-Ischi Hirai*, Jeihong Pan, Hiroki Shimada, Toshikatsu Izuhara, Takayuki Kurihara1, keiichi Moriguchi2 and Uel J. McMahan*

Department of Anatomy Japan
1High-Technology Research Center, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada Iadshikawa 920-0293, Japan
2Department of Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University Aichi 464-8650, Japan

*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: keih{at}kanazawa-med.ac.jp

The generation of oxygen free radicals was investigated using cytochemistry and its energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy in reference to the toxic mediator for the herbicide paraquat. When isolated intact mitochondria from rat livers were incubated in a medium containing paraquat and NADH, a mitochondrial NADH-quinone oxidoreductase activity generated superoxide anions to cause the destruction of mitochondria which resulted in cell death. The superoxide anions were immediately converted into hydrogen peroxide, which then formed cerium perhydroxide deposits in the presence of cerium ions and precipitated on the outer surface of the mitochondrial outer membrane. This localization was also specifically identified by energy spectralimaging and image-electron energy loss spectral analyses. Precipitation reaction was scavenged by the addition of either cytochrome c or catalase and inhibited by dicoumarol (an inhibitor of NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductases). These cytochemical energy-filtering transmission electron microscopic results indicated that paraquat generated free radicals from the outer membrane of mitochondria.

Keywords     paraquat, free radicals, mitochondria, energy-filtering transmission electron microscope, electron energy loss spectroscopy, cytochemistry

Received     29 September 1998, accepted 9 March 1999


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