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Journal of Electron Microscopy 2007 56(1):27-36; doi:10.1093/jmicro/dfl041
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Microscopy. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Changes occurring on the cell surface during KSHV reactivation

Audy G. Whitman, Ossie F. Dyson, Phelps J. Lambert, Telisha L. Oxendine, Patrick W. Ford and Shaw M. Akula*

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, USA

*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: akulas{at}ecu.edu

Following an infection, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) exists predominantly in its latent state, with only 1–2% of infected cells undergoing lytic reactivation. We have previously demonstrated along with others a relationship between lytic reactivation and cell cycle progression (Bryan et al., 2006. J. Gen. Virol. 87: 519; McAllister et al., 2005. J. Virol. 79: 2626). Infected cells in the S phase are much more likely to undergo lytic reactivation when compared to those in G0/G1 phase. Through the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we analyzed changes occurring on the surface of cells undergoing KSHV reactivation. KSHV reactivation was observed predominantly in cells with smoother surface topology; a hallmark of cells derived from S phase. Interestingly, during the late stages of the reactivation process, we observed KSHV particles to egress cells through budding. Taken together, based on scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy evidences, we demonstrate for the first time the existence of a direct link between cell surface topology, cell cycle progression and KSHV reactivation.

Keywords     SEM, TEM, KSHV, surface changes, latency, egress

Received     27 November 2006, accepted 20 December 2006


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